Chemical profile, antioxidant potential and toxicity of Smilax brasiliensis Sprengel (Smilacaceae) stems.

Smilax brasiliensis Sprengel is a monocotyledon of the Smilacaceae family, native to the Brazilian Cerrado, popularly known as "salsaparrilha" or "japecanga". In this study, the ethanol extract (EE) and the hexane (HEXF), dichloromethane (DCMF), ethyl acetate (ACF), and hydroethanol (HEF) fractions of the stems were obtained. The chemical composition was determined, the contents of phenolic compounds and flavonoids were quantified, and the antioxidant potential and the cytotoxic effect on Artemia salina were evaluated. Fatty acid esters, hydrocarbons, and phytosterols were identified in the HEXF analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The EE and DCMF, ACF, and HEF were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and mass spectrometer (LC-DAD-MS), and the identified constituents included glycosylated (rutin, 3-O-ß-galactopyranosyl quercetin, 3-O-ß-glucopyranosyl quercetin, O-deoxyhexosyl-hexosyl quercetin, O-deoxyhexosyl-hexosyl kaempferol, O-deoxyhexosyl-hexosyl O-methyl quercetin, and others), and non-glycosylated (quercetin) flavonoids, phenylpropanoids (3-O-E-caffeoyl quinic acid, 5-O-E-caffeoyl quinic acid, O-caffeoyl shikimic acid, and others), neolignan, steroidal saponin (dioscin), and N-feruloyltyramine. The EE, DCMF, and ACF showed high total contents of phenolic compounds (112.99, 175.71, and 524.02 µg of GAE/mg, respectively), and in the ACF and DCMF a great content of flavonoids was also quantified (50.08 and 31.49 µg of QE/mg, respectively). The EE, DCMF, ACF, and HEF exhibited great antioxidant potential by DPPH (IC50 1.71 - 32.83 µg/mL) and FRAP (IC50 0.63 - 6,71 µg/mL) assays. A maximum cytotoxic activity on A. salina of 60% was observed for the DCMF (LC50 = 856.17 µg/mL). This study contributes to the phytochemical study of S. brasiliensis since these compounds were identified for the first time in the stems of this species. The S. brasiliensis stems demonstrated to be a rich source of polyphenols compounds and exhibited high antioxidant potential without toxicity. Thus, extract and fractions obtained from the S. brasiliensis stems can be used in food supplements or as natural antioxidants in the food industry.

Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Solanum lycocarpum St. -Hil (Solanaceae) on the cell cycle of Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa / Efeito citotóxicos e genotóxicos de extratos Solanum lycocarpum St. -Hil (Solanaceae) no ciclo celular de Lactuca sativa e Allium cepa

Solanum lycocarpum St.- Hil popularly known as 'fruta-de-lobo' or 'lobeira' is native to the Brazilian Cerrado, and used in folk medicine due to its phytotherapic properties. The action of S. lycocarpum on the cell cycle and chromosomes in order to demonstrate whether there are aneugenic and/or clastogenic effects is unknown. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of methanol and hexane extracts of S. lycocarpum on growth and cell cycle of Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa. Roots from both species were exposed for 72 hours to methanol and hexane extracts with 50, 100, and 200 µg mL-1 of S. lycocarpum. Slides were prepared by the squash technique and then analyzed to determine the mitotic index and the total of chromosomal and nuclear abnormalities. The frequencies of chromosomal and nuclear abnormalities were high and significant with a dose-dependent effect, indicating that S. lycocarpum has a cytotoxic and genotoxic action depending on the dose used on meristem cells of A. cepa and L. sativa.

Solanum lycocarpum St.-Hil (Solanaceae) conhecida popularmente como fruta-de-lobo ou lobeira é uma planta nativa do Cerrado brasileiro, utilizada na medicina popular nos tratamentos de diabetes, obesidade e redução do colesterol. Ainda não é conhecida a ação de S. lycocarpum sobre o ciclo celular e os cromossomos, demonstrando se possuem efeitos aneugênicos e/ou clastogênicos. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar o potencial citotóxico e genotóxico dos extratos metanólico e hexânico de S. lycocarpum sob o crescimento e ciclo celular de Lactuca sativa e Allium cepa. As raízes de ambas as espécies foram expostas por 72h aos extratos metanólico e hexânico com 50, 100 e 200 µg mL-1 de S. lycocarpum. As lâminas foram montadas pela técnica de esmagamento e em seguida foram analisadas, afim de determinar o índice mitótico e anormalidades cromossômicas e nucleares. As frequências de anormalidades cromossômicas e nucleares foram altas e significativas, com efeito dose-dependente e confirmando que S. lycocarpum tem ação citotóxica e genotóxica de acordo com a dose utilizada sobre as células meristemáticas de A. cepa e L. sativa.